How Adultery Is Permissible

Erik Turley Paper #4 12/5/11 How Adultery is Permissible In Don Marquis’ â€Å"What’s Wrong with Adultery† he gives several examples of why adultery can be used or justified in a marriage. He brings up issues like one partner agreeing to a marriage contract but not fulfilling their side of the contract in the marriage. Another point he uses is one spouse not fulfilling the others desire in the â€Å"sex and love† department (213). Adultery is a sinful word for many; while some have justifications for the act. I believe that adultery is morally permissible in some cases. In the story Marquis talks about a married couple in a bad relationship.In many cases most people would get a divorce if their relationship broke down to an extent where they could no longer be around each other. But in some cases as Marquis said, that is not the best option for the married couple. Sometimes a married couple has younger children or even teenagers who would be dreadfully hur t if their parents split up. The married couple fears the worst for the kids and stays together for this reason. If they both agree that they cannot satisfy each other’s sexual desires, then what is wrong if they both agree to get that sexual happiness with someone else?If a woman knows and accepts that if her husband is a happier person if he does this, than I believe it is ok. An outside individual might scream this is wrong, but that third party is not in the contract between the married couple. If the couple mutually agrees that those actions would be the best for each one of them and even the best for their immediate family then I believe that adultery is morally permissible in this instance. In Marquis’ story he shows Richard Wasserstrom’s reasons on why adultery is impermissible (209). Marquis disagreed with Wasserstrom’s statement on how adultery is to inflict pain on the spouse.I also disagree with Wasserstrom because that is not the main reason people commit adultery. However, if the reason a spouse commits adultery is to make the other spouse jealous or to intentionally cause pain, then I do believe adultery is impermissible in that case. An example of this is what a younger generation might call these acts of a person as being â€Å"spiteful. † People do spiteful things to intentionally harm another person. I believe that committing adultery to make a spiteful act is very wrong and impermissible. However, adultery may be caused by hundreds of different circumstances.And like Marquis mentioned in almost all of those circumstances a person does not blatantly tell the other spouse of their doing, because they do not want to intentionally hurt the other spouse. If one side is not fulfilling the others needs then I believe adultery is permissible if the spouse is not intentionally trying to inflict pain on the other spouse. We live in a society where other people tell us their feelings on our own personal life. We let others opinions and maybe even decisions affect our lives to an extreme. The only person who really knows and feels what is going on within their relationship is the two spouses involved.They should be able to keep other people’s voices aside and make the best decision for not only themselves, but also for their kids (if any) that are involved. If divorce is not the best option for the spouses, than we should allow a spouse go to another person to fulfill their desire with â€Å"sex and love. † People may call a person who is sexually active with another person outside of their marriage selfish, but they really may be very unselfish trying to find a little happiness outside of their bad relationship. Word Count: 620

Ethical Issues Surrounding Gay Marriage Essay

When I think of Ethical issues in the world today, Gay Marriage seems to hits me the hardest. Now Maybe it is the fact that I am bisexual myself or that I have a homosexual uncle who has been married for 2 years. Either way, I am a strong supporter of the entire marriage institution, especially gay marriage. In this paper I will first indentify the ethical issue of gay marriage and specifically explore the ethical problems gay marriage presents including their pros and cons. I will then explain the classical theory of and determine how it would resolve the problems at hand. Next I will continue by contrasting the theoretical solution with perspective of towards gay marriage. Lastly, I will go over which view is the closest to my own personal outlook of gay marriage. Let’s begin with the ethical issue at hand, Gay Marriage. The right for homosexual couples to become married is frowned upon in most of the world. In fact, Gay Marriage is and has been one of the greatest ethical issues in the United States since Slavery and Women Rights. In my own personal opinion, I believe Same-sex Marriage should not be an ethical issue. What is unethical, is how A person may lie, cheat, or fornicate, and still experience the grace of God; but if they are in a gay relationship they are somehow socially damned. I believe by denying any one person their constitution rights to equality is wrong. If a person is homosexual and they choose to marry their significant other, they have the civil right to do so under the constitution as a U. S. citizen. By denying any one person the right to marry whomever they choose, that is a violation of said persons civil rights, because marriage holds legal civil status. We all are Americans who have the right to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. How can anyone deny Americans this right primarily because of their sexual orientation? People pride themselves on being law abiding citizens, but choose to discriminate against homosexual person’s lifestyle and love interest based on the so called facts written many years ago in a â€Å"religious† book. The Bible is not the law! That is one thing that most religious groups have not yet grasped. No matter what any one person’s religious beliefs are, there is no law, power, or authority that gives them the right to push their religious beliefs onto another’s life. I do not nor have I ever thought religion should ever be the deciding factor in the worlds verdict about gay marriage? Today the growing acceptance of homosexuality is a direct threat to the domination of traditional Christian norms. According to the Christian Bible and many other religions texts, there is the believe that marriage is meant solely between a man and women, anything else is considered a act of sin. However, due to the bible stating that one should not pass judgment on another, many churches are more recently accepting same-sex couples. Personally speaking, many religious â€Å"church goers† use the bible as a means to attack others. They walk around presenting this holier than thou appearance, but neglect to follow all of the teachings their bible possesses. It is funny how those same religious groups that try to argue that gay marriage is a sin are the same people that are protesting to band their children’s public schools of religious content and practices. The separation of Church and State has been put into place in many U. S. cities. Knowing this, I do not understand how any government is to follow the rules on the separation of church and state, but then be given the right to place laws against gay marriage solely based of the Bibles written word. Homosexuals do not spend time going around telling heterosexual people that they are not allowed to engage in intercourse until marriage, while that’s in the bible. The Bible vs. The Constitution seems to play the biggest role in the argument against gay marriage. People have stated, â€Å"the constitution should be changed, its outdated. † However, their entire argument is incorporating the first amendment right of freedom of speech. before the constitution was written, going against the government was unlawful. No one was allowed to speak their minds. I know that even in the bible when one went against what god said they were punished or put to death. Heterosexuals don’t like certain rights in the constitution that go against their own personal beliefs, but will turn and cater to others, like freedom of speech. Without some of those rights it would be unlawful for me to write this paper. Plus, I would have been murdered some time ago for being a white and black, bisexual man. what most fail to realize is that yes the bible thought of gays as a sin but it also listed a number of other acts as sin. If our lives were truly run solely by the Bible’s scriptures, Gay marriage would be the last of the heterosexuals problems. Especially when most of the worlds murders are committed by heterosexuals. I personally do not like to base my arguments off a source unless I plan to use the entire source as foundation. I cannot say the constitution is wrong solely off on right I do not agree with. But turn around and accept the others that cater to my better living. That would label me as a hypocrite. Just like how many people use their religious beliefs to fight gay rights, but fail to follow other aspects of the bibles teachings. I am just human, who am I to judge anyone. This is just one of the many reasons why I can argue that many of the firm believers against gay marriage are set in hypocritical views. People against gay marriage claim that marriage is dedicated to starting a family. They argue that with marriage you have children and build a happy home. However, for many people, marriage is more about love and mutual trust than about starting a family, and so they would say that gay marriage is not an issue. So for those who say it’s only to start a family, I would call this a delusional fantasy. For one there are more broken homes in the world now than anything. Now yes, Homosexual couples cannot physically reproduce on their own. However, this does not give reasonability to deny the couple the right to marry. There are heterosexual couples that cannot physically have children of their own as well. There are many women out in the world that cannot bear children due to a numerous amount of health issues. My own aunt Kelly was told that she can never have children of her own. Her body just doesn’t have the strength and or properly functioning organs to create life. The same goes for many men. I have a neighbor that recently told me that he has a condition that denies him the ability to produce reproductive sperm. As he likes to say, â€Å"he is shooting blanks. † Knowing this I didn’t see any government laws stopping them from getting married. My aunt was told about her inabilities to birth, over 20 years ago. Today she has been married twice. May I remind you that she is a heterosexual woman that cannot have children of her own and is still legally allowed to marry. In today’s world, there are many alternative options for couples to start a family. The most popular way is adoption. Also, there is much more controversy no-a-days regarding adoption . It has become apparent that more and more Homosexual couples are going outside of the United States to adopt children. They are forced to go outside of the United states due to the fact that they are not legally allowed to adopt here in the states. Lesbian and gay-parented families may be more likely than others to include members from more than one ethnic group . So because the government wants to discriminate against the homosexual lifestyles, there are more and more American children left without a home. No one that can legally adopt them is stepping up for the responsibility. It is true that you truly respect something more that you have to fight for. My grandmother used to tell me this since I was really young. There are so many heterosexuals out there that are â€Å"horrible parents† or that take the gift of parenting for granted. They do drugs and make extreme decisions that break up their families or make the decision to rid themselves of the responsibility of parenting all together. I speak from person experience. As a young boy at the age of 5, my mother gave me and my 5 younger siblings up to child protective services. At the time she chose her friends and her drug abuse over her children and family. She did not care whether we would be okay or not, she dropped me off with only 1 shoe. All my mother cared about was being able to get high without the guilt of us seeing her do it. I ended up back in the family, but my siblings were all separated some are still in the system. Now I personally have never seen a homosexual couple that are bad parents. It is usually the exact opposite. Homosexual couples have to fight in order to build their families so they try not to do anything to mess that chance up. I have also never met a homosexual couple that didn’t want children. Along with starting families, those against gay marriage also argue that children brought up in a same-sex marriage household are taught morals and beliefs. Some say that this type of household is poisonous to the child, that it teaches them to go against â€Å"our creator†. what if their families do not share in the same religious beliefs as others. Contrary to what most assume, there are many people that do not believe in God. Just like there are many cultures that believe in gay rights. So no one can make the basis of their argument on â€Å"the creator† when not everyone believes in him. Also, they like to say that by growing up in a gay household, the child is going to turn gay. the association between religious attendance and attitudes toward gay marriage is mediated by a belief that sexual orientation is a choice rather than innate & . This is so ridiculous in so many ways. For one being gay is not a disease, you can’t just catch it. Being gay is not something you inhabit like a accent. People are not made gay they are born gay; its just a matter of when they decide to accept it. I was raised in a house with a male and female parenting role, and I still knew I was different. I am a bisexual male and so are many of my friends. These friends of mine were raised in all types of different households, but known were raised in same-sex households. At the same time I have 3 friends that were adopted and raised by two homosexual men and not a single one of them are gay. They are all in heterosexual relationships and never once thought of being with the same-sex. These are a few examples of discrimination against gay marriage. Another major problem with gay marriage that people are beginning to argue is the affect of heterosexual couples. Many people argue that the world will change for heterosexual couples if same-sex marriages were allowed. Income taxes is one on the many reasons they have behind this outrages claim. Many people are in the belief that income taxes will be increased. Also, the IRS gives certain credits and benefits to those individuals that have children and other dependants. Heterosexuals believe that the government will be forced to apply the same financial benefits and credits on income taxes towards homosexual couples which they believe will lower everyone’s benefits. Along with their income taxes, they’re under the assumption that social security taxes will increased and the benefits decrease if the government has to provide accommodation for these same-sex married couples. One of the more common ignorant claims is regarding heath care. People are arguing that their medical insurance premiums will rise based on these stereotypical images of homosexual lifestyles. They have always believed that homosexuals get diseases and illnesses like Aids or HIV easier than heterosexuals. Based on this belief they think that there will be a higher health care needs associated to the treatment of these more at risk diseases. These potential changes in circumstances do not hold enough credibility to deny a person the right to join the institution of marriage. It is unethical to claim the power to control if someone can get married. Most of the world believes Gay marriage is unethical. I have to disagree with that assumption. This is another way that heterosexuals choose to be hypocrites. Using Arranged marriage as an example, I prove my case. Mostly everyone in the world, whether homosexual or heterosexual, can agree that arranged marriage is unethical. Many people believe that all want arranged marriage is wrong because you should have the right to choose whom you marry. So how is that any different than what homosexuals want. Homosexuals are also being denied the chance to marry who they choose. Again being hypocritical! People believe Marriage is about love and commitment. Both homosexuals and those forced into arranged marriages are victims. Neither gets to decide what they want to do, how to live, who to love. The only difference between the two is that at least arranged marriage is marriage. The couple that is actually in love cannot be married. When two people fall in love, they all want the same thing. They dream of this life together, married, with a family, and more. Why should homosexuals be revoked that reality. It should not matter if you are gay or straight, you should be able to get married if you want. On another note I also, do not believe that anyone should have to travel away from home to legally get married. Some people have to travel multiple states away, because none of the states near them allow same-sex marriage. The day that all 50 states come to the same decision accepting gay marriage will not come anytime soon, but I do hope I am still alive to see a good size amount of them jump the bandwagon. This is one way that would begin to solve the issue. When it comes to gay marriage, I believe the classical theory of Utilitarianism would help solve many of the problems. Utilitarianism is a consequential theory. It is the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good . The Utilitarian view seeks to maximize the overall good in a situation. In other words, one should always act in a way that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It is proven that there are fewer people against same-sex marriage, than for it. So the theory of Utilitarianism is the best resolution to the issue the ethical problems of gay marriage. If the government acted with utilitarian views, then we would have less anger, debate, spend less money on a unnecessary battle. Along with this view one would also need a clear perspective of the issue. A clear perspective of the issue of same-sex marriage would be relativism. Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values . It is the philosophical concept that all points of view are equally valid, and that all truth is relative to the individual . Both sides that are involved realize that neither side will ever agree nor neither side is right or wrong. Each Society, culture or religious group is formed by its own ethical values and beliefs, with how they see things to be right and wrong. I believe that when it comes to gay marriage everyone is going to have to agree to disagree. Religion is the top reason to why people are against same-sex marriage. What church goers fail to realize is that they are forcing their religious beliefs onto not only the homosexuals but to all. Everyone has their own views and when Homosexuals try to voice theirs, they are attacked, (metaphorically). The only way that this problem is ever going to get anywhere is if both sides try to understand that just because everyone doesn’t share your same views and beliefs, that doesn’t make them wrong. The cannot ignorantly believe that everyone automatically shares their beliefs. Homosexuals are already at this point, they are the hypocrites in this situation. All they want is equality, the same equality that everyone else has been fighting for all these years. In conclusion, I have indentified the ethical issue of gay marriage and explored the ethical problems gay marriage presents including the pros and cons. I then explained how the classical theory of Utilitarianism would resolve those problems. I continued by contrasting the theoretical solution with perspective of relativism towards gay marriage. Lastly, I went over which view is the closest to my own personal outlook of gay marriage. I do not believe that there should even be such a thing as â€Å"gay marriage†. The title itself is discriminatory. Gay people do not go around referring to a heterosexual couple’s marriage as straight marriage. So why should a society filled with diverse lifestyles be allowed to refer to homosexual marriages as â€Å"gay marriage†. Marriage is marriage, either way. It should not be labeled as any other. Whether, heterosexual or Homosexual, it’s the same institution and should hold the same rights. At the end of the day I am a firm believer that the discrimination against gay marriage should be outlawed. Gay people do value the institution of marriage, therefore their relationship and want to marry is ethical in my eyes. References Driver, J. (2009, June 21). The History of Utilitarianism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/sum2009/entries/utilitarianism-history/ Haider-Markel, D. P. (2008). Beliefs about the origins of homosexuality and support for gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72, pp. 291–310. doi:10. 1093/poq/nfn015 Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Patterson, C. J. (2013). Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents: Psychology, Law, and Policy. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 27–34. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2007). The age of independence: Interracial Unions, Same-sex Unions, and the Changing American Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Swoyer, C. (2010, December 21). Relativism. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/relativism/ Todd, N. R. , & Ong, K. S. (2012). Political and Theological Orientation as Moderators for the Association Between Religious Attendance and Attitudes Toward Gay Marriage for White Christians. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(1), 56–70.

Black Heart Essay Research Paper A Small

Black Heart Essay, Research Paper A Small Price to Pay In the fresh Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the mariner Marlow tells a large prevarication to Kurtz? s Intended. To Marlow? [ there ] is a contamination of decease, a spirit of mortality in lies # 8211 ; which is precisely what I hate and detest in the universe # 8211 ; what I want to bury? . He hates and detests those who lie but lowers himself to making it himself at the terminal of the novel. There are many grounds why he does this. Unlike the lies the Manager and the Brickmaker might state to foster their ain selfish dockets, Marlow? s one prevarication serves to protect Kurtz and his Intended every bit good as to forestall the jungle? s darkness and immorality from perplexing the state of affairs one last clip. Marlow prevarications because he knows that the truth would do more hurting and complication than it is deserving. He is ready to set this experience behind him and to travel on with his life and he makes it easier for himself and the Intended by stating a prevarication. At the terminal of the Heart of Darkness, Marlow betrays his ethical motives by stating a immense prevarication to Kurtz? s Intended in order to protect the Intended from the painful truth, to forestall the darkness of the jungle from holding a drawn-out consequence, and to go on his ain trueness to Kurtz and protect Kurtz? s repute that Marlow feels responsible to upkeep. The first ground that Marlow lies is to protect the Intended? s vision of Kurtz. She insists that she knew him the best and that Kurtz needed her. The Intended provinces, ? I # 8211 ; I entirely know how to mourn for him as he deserves? . She besides tells that she? believed in him more that any one on Earth # 8211 ; more than his ain female parent, more than # 8211 ; himself. He needed me! Me? ! Obviously Kurtz was really of import to her. She mourns for over a twelvemonth and still holds him as an graven image. To her Kurtz was a great adult male who? drew work forces towards him by what was best in them. . . . It is the gift of the great? . She neer learns about the savageness to which Kurtz had resorted in the isolation and darkness of the jungle. Marlow is non about to destroy the Intended? s image of Kurtz. When she asks what his concluding words were, Marlow responds by stating Kurtz spoke her name. If Marlow tells her the truth it would hold been much harder for the Intend ed to take emotionally. Alternatively, Marlow allows her to maintain her belief of what she thought Kurtz was. Marlow lies to the Intended to protect her from the wicked truth she may non be able to manage. He grounds, ? Hadn? T he said he wanted merely justness? But I couldn? T. I could non state her. It would hold been to dark # 8211 ; excessively dark wholly? . By non cognizing the barbarian Kurtz became, she may be able to travel on and complete her bereavement. Marlow besides lies to set the darkness of the experience behind himself. He no longer wants it to impact him. One of the grounds that Marlow goes to see the Intended in the first topographic point is to eventually derive a sense of closing from the experience. He had a demand to? give that [ memory ] up, excessively, to the yesteryear, in a manner # 8211 ; to give up personally all that remained of him with me to that limbo which is the last word of our common destiny? . Mar low garbages to allow the darkness and the immorality of the jungle maintain a drawn-out clasp over his life. If he would hold told the truth to the Intended it would hold caused farther complications. He would hold had to see the consequence the truth had on Kurtz? s intended and this may hold affected Kurtz emotionally. He has merely recovered from resentment associated with this experience. Possibly the turbulence of memories and feelings that would happen if he told the Intended the existent truth, would do him to one time once more dip into resentment. In order to forestall these complications from happening, he tells a small prevarication and this efficaciously stops the complications from taking topographic point. Finally, the primary ground Marlow lies because of his responsibility to Kurtz. By going his caretaker during his last yearss, Marlow develops a sense of duty when it comes to Kurtz. He promises to upkeep the great and human-centered repute that Kurtz has in Europe and allows no foreigners to recognize what the existent Kurtz had become. When covering with the Intended, Marlow avoids lying when he confirms to her that he died how he lived. He uses the Intended? s ignorance to short-circuit the truth because she has a positive position of Kurtz? s life. Marlow knows the existent truth but there is no demand to rectify the Intended. However, he is forced to lie when he slips up and tells the Intended that? I heard his very last words? . Marlow lies to protect Kurtz. If he would hold told the Intended that Kurtz? s last were? The horror, the horror? , this would be a breach of the duty that Marlow has to Kurtz. He would instead go against his ain ethical motives that tarnish Kurtz? s re pute. Marlow was carry throughing his duty to Kurtz that was induced by the immense trueness he developed to him during his expedition. A prevarication was a little monetary value to pay in order to protect Kurtz? s great yet false character. Even though Marlow despises prevarication, he feels that stating a little prevarication is better than leting the complications and realisations that the truth would convey. He maintains a stable state of affairs in respects to the emotional province of the Intended and protects Kurtz. Marlow helps himself by finishing the last undertaking he must carry through out of responsibility to Kurtz and eventually will be able to set the full experience behind himself. In order to carry through these positive results, he must state a prevarication in order to avoid the worst results. Marlow himself states, ? It seemed to me that the house would fall in before I could get away, that the celestial spheres would fall upon my caput. But nil happened. The celestial spheres do non fall for such a trifle. Would they hold fallen, I wonder, if I had rendered Kurtz that justness which was due? ? Marlow sees that through an undistinguished prevarication he keeps the worst from happening. Due to this, t he state of affairs remains stable and many people can eventually set this experience behind themselves and travel on. Marlow lies to protect the Intended, to forestall the darkness of the jungle from holding a drawn-out clasp, and eventually to protect Kurtz? s repute from the humiliation that would be caused by the exposure of the truth.

External Factors in a Country Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External Factors in a Country - Assignment Example It was clearly evident that the atmosphere of political turbulence affected the stock markets badly. Adding on the fuel, the Chinese and the British relations deteriorated further putting the markets in jeopardy. At that point of time, the market was also jittery about the rising US interest rates and moreover, the standoff that prevailed over the democratic reforms between the Hong Kong and China sent made the traders feel a little insecure. Hang Seng received a lot of foreign money in the period of 1992-1993 from different investors all over the world, which could sustain the market, at least to some extent. However, many traders argued that the investors had made huge investments eyeing the economic boom in China and not Hong Kong itself. They felt that the investors were looking to invest in China via the shares of the blue-chip companies in Hong Kong. To a large extent, their speculation seems right at the moment, because, at that time when there was absolute political instabili ty in the Hong Kong market, no investor would’ve come forward to invest in Hong Kong. Hong Kong’s governor had proposed to go ahead with the electoral reforms put forward by the British government had been straight away by China and had, in fact, enraged them to a great extent, thus signaling the break-up. Under such circumstances, it is too naive for one to expect the stock market to be functioning well.

Role of assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of assessment - Essay Example Medical practitioners use this type of information for purposes of making a decision on the type of diagnosis and treatment to give a patient (Jarvis, 2012). This information is further used for purposes of understanding the nature of ailments a client is vulnerable to, and the control measures to develop (American Nurses Association, 2010). This is for purposes of knowing the best approach to treat the patient, and the best approach to use in protecting the patient from acquiring the ailments that they are vulnerable to. Furthermore, assessments give nurses the capability of prioritizing the clinical care of their patients. Nurses will know which areas he or she should concentrate on, while providing nursing care to their patients (Simmons, 2010). It is a requirement that nurses should acquire skills on how to identify important health care issues that should receive some priority. Use of assessments will achieve such kind of an objective. Partial assessment of a patient plays a role in identifying whether a patient recovers or not (Jarvis, 2012). This is very useful when dealing with patients suffering from cardiac diseases and respiratory infections. Carrying out assessments is therefore an important process in the medical field. They help help in improving the health of patients, and preventing diseases. This is because it guides practitioners on the most efficient disease control

Environmental Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Archaeology - Essay Example Most studies, since the ancient times, have indicated that increased human activities on the environment have led to environmental degradation and transformation. However, this paper presents environmental, archeological view that lack of human activities on the environment leads to land degradation and transformation. Since the ancient periods, it is highly believed that increased human activities on the environment have caused environmental transformation and degradation. Almost all human activities have either positive or negative effect on the environment. For example, all types of pollutions are because of human activity. The pronounced sources of pollution are water pollution, air pollution, and farming (Chambers, 2004). Farming is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and pollution. This is because most farmers are determined to practice only one form of animal husbandry, and produce a single crop. This is believed to fuel the loss of biodiversity since natural f orests are cleared to create space for these human activities. Clearing of land exposes the soil surface to rainfall and surface run-offs, which causes soil erosion (Chambers, 2004). In addition, cleared forests reduce the amount of natural habitat available for wildlife. Unlike the traditional assumptions that increased human activity leads to environmental degradation and transformation, â€Å"culture-centric† perspective on the environmental archeology argues that lack of human activities leads to environmental degradation and transformation (Chris, 2003). Deforestation caused through human activities, such as logging and burning, is at times beneficial to both plants and animals. Animals, plants, and trees naturally recover from burnt forests if the space is not occupied by human settlements. Birds such as woodpeckers survive well in freshly burned areas more than thickets where they feed on insects that occupy the burned area (Hall & Harry, 2006). In addition, seed dispe rsion is enhanced through human activities such as the search for food. Trees like lodgepole produce serrotonous cones. These cones are fused shut, and they only burst when burnt. Wildfires set by human burn these cones, thereby spreading their seeds into burnt areas with little competition (Hall & Harry, 2006). After 20 years of growth, the burned area soon becomes fully occupied by medium-height lodgepole pines. An example of such area is Yellowstone National Park (Chambers, 2004). This, therefore, indicates human activities such as deforestation can enhance dispersion of seeds from one area to another, thus the spread of plant and tree species. Human’s ability to confine wild animals into specific areas has also created order in the environment. Wild animals are an integral part of the natural environment, and their existence creates a balance in the ecosystem. However, due to dynamic environmental degradations and transformations, human realized the need to conserve the w ild animals in parks and zoos to protect them from drought and poaching among other factors (Rashid et al, 2005). Through conservation, animals are protected from the loss of habitat, climatic changes, hunting, natural calamities, pollution, over-exploitation, pesticides, and toxic chemicals (Rashid et al, 2005). This has ensured successful utilization of available natural resources by regulating the rate of competition among the animals, and protecting them from external threats (Rashid et al, 2

Enterprise and Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise and Business Development - Essay Example Business plans are decision-making tools by which a company strives to attaining its corporate goals. A business plan will be tested against and extended to meet new circumstances and opportunities; for this it should take in to consideration- Nature of the business covers the location, type of product and also take in to consideration the over all goals. Marketing includes the quantum of goods produced, advertisement, evaluation and tackling of competition and determining market sector. Financial control covers an idea about the seed capital, Break- Even Point and the projected cash flow and financial statements. Management should focus its attention on the preparation of product reports, handling of accounts and estimation about the actual cost of goods produced. This business plan is based on a fictitious manufacturing company and the product name is â€Å"Maas.† â€Å"The real value of creating a business plan is not in having the finished product in hand; rather, the value lies in the process of researching and thinking about your business in a systematic way.† 1 The initial investment for the proposed company is around four million Hong Kong Dollars (4million HK$). This plan has been prepared to obtain adequate amount of finance to complete the product development. Maas Manufacturing Ltd is a new company, which has developed an automatic electronic light control product. An extensive market survey has revealed that no other products are presently competing with our proposed product. It is prepared to offer equity return for investment in the company in future. Full production can begin within a period of three months from the date of starting up of the company, after obtaining sufficient financial resources. The proposed plan aims to raise finance necessary to further develop, manufacture and distribute the products to its consumers. Consumers, commercial and industrial users etc are all prospective customers for the product. The major potential market

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value - Essay Example Throughout his work, Rappaport emphasizes the need to capitalize on long-term growth strategies at the expense of realizing short-term benchmarks. The writer asserts that those corporations involved in responding to short-term strategies will eventually fail because of dynamics within modern commercial environments. Managers running such companies are obscured about the future prospects of an organization. Inasmuch as they concentrate on maximizing the momentary strengths of a company, they fail to take a glance at emerging opportunities and imminent threats. Since consumer preferences are bound to change and competition intensifies, then short-sighted company executives will have limited choices when trouble arrives. In order to enhance the aspect of practicability, Rappaport postulated 10 principles suitable for creating shareholders value in any given investment. Upon thorough appraisal, all these ten principles are based on ways in which companies can be made to realize increased future cash flows. In order to ensure competence, CEO’s must be thoroughly conversant with aspects of stock markets and forces influencing the value of securities traded within those markets. Thorough conversance on such microeconomic aspects will enable managers to become value-conscious and develop value-maximizing behavior in their professional undertakings. In most of the principles proposed by Rappaport, the main theme remains that managers should be encouraged by stakeholders, especially shareholders, in implementing long-term growth strategies. Encouragement can be achieved through reward mechanisms for both top and middle-level managers who demonstrate the strong commitment towards maximizing the value of the company.

Analyse the steps towards cost leadership within the production Essay

Analyse the steps towards cost leadership within the production relationship of a modern firm. Be specific and offer some examples - Essay Example For other industries, it is possible to attain economies of scale when the increased volume enables the assignment of resources more efficiently. This is particularly true of costs associated with manpower specialisation, where an increase in volume allows for individuals to be assigned specialised tasks, thus streamlining production methods. This results in improving rate of production without increasing the number of workers. Thus, increasing economies of scale occurs when the marginal increase in a factor of production is less than the marginal increase in the corresponding quantity of products produced. Economies of scope is similar to economies of scale because it aims to increase production faster than the attendant increase in costs. The difference lies in the number of products by which to attain this. Economies of scope seeks to reduce per unit total cost by diversifying the products a firm makes and sells. By increasing the number of product lines and extending the use of inputs (manpower and machinery) over the alternative products, the overall cost per unit of each product line is reduced because of the sharing of fixed costs among the product lines. For instance, Dunkin Donuts’ main product line is its number of variously flavoured donuts; somewhere along the line the firm decided to produce Munchkins, the bite-sized versions of the same flavours as the donuts, they tapped a new type of market demand which preferred the smaller versions. From the production aspect, the same machines and manpower were used to make the new product, thus spreading fixed costs over two product lines. Thus, increasing economies of scope occurs when the sum of the marginal increases in the cost of producing one additional unit in all the product lines is less than the increase in the marginal cost of each product line taken

Distributive Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributive Justice - Term Paper Example The benefits are obvious in that everyone potentially has the same chance and ability as a result of the use of distributive justice. The drawbacks are also clear however, in that this approach means that the individual’s property may not in fact be theirs, which can lead one to potentially question the idea of the individual’s right to own property in the United States today. Robert Nozick would argue that while there is a place for government that place should not extend to property. He promoted the idea that the majority cannot take from the minority unless they agree to it. Justice was outlined with three principles by Nozick, the principle of justice in acquisition, principle of justice in transfer and principle of the rectification of injustice. These principles were all sound, and when presented with a set amount of property and an increasing population the principle of transfer becomes important. Each individual may share what they have however; none of the indi viduals can be forced by the governing body to do so. Each individual can purchase property or trade for property from another but no individual can be forced to do so. Nozick stated, â€Å"The principle of distribution in accordance with moral merit is a patterned historical principle, which specifies a patterned distribution† (156). With less government intervention as he sees it is possible to see some parts of society have more property than another, however, if everyone is working to provide for and purchase property with the intent of generating either personal gain or simply a stable life for one’s family unit than these patterns as Nozick says would adjust themselves based on need and the natural tendency of society as an entity’s to grow and change. The principle of justice in acquisition was directly connected to the principle of justice in transfer for Nozick. He saw that some people steal, defraud, enslave, seize and utilize force to exclude others f rom competing. It was his idea that none of these were beneficial or right. However, contrary to his approach and views regarding the right or wrongness of these others actions he still supported the use of state based decision making with regards to what is fair or not. He wrote, "Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to be of greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society." And yet he also believed that stealing, defrauding, enslaving and more were wrong. If we use a distributive approach as he would have us do we are in fact ensuring that the less fortunate will gain much needed items, however, we are also ensuring that the state is made to forcibly or through the threat of force take from others to supply this. While the idea of distributive justice is a fair minded one it is a difficult approach to rectify when attempting to prevent civil crimes or crimes against the individual. We see by looking at Nozicks approach that it is impossi ble to promote absolute equality without taking from someone which in turn immediately discards the idea of equality. While the balance has been accomplished with product and property there will now be impropriety within the system of law which translates to inequality within the law. This approach would in effect cause the state to be a criminal simply by its

Rhetorical Analysis of Hurricane Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis of Hurricane Essay Martin Luther King once said, â€Å"There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, popular, or political, but because it is right. † The song â€Å"Hurricane†, written by Bob Dylan takes a stand and ignores what was safe, popular, and politically right during the 1960’s and 1970’s, in order to paint a picture of injustice. Dylan organizes the actual events of a man named Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter who was a middleweight boxer wrongfully accused and convicted of a double homicide. Dylan narrates the song and uses his credibility as a rock star to reason with a broader audience, while evoking the emotions of listeners by describing horrific events, prejudice, and coercion by fraudulent figures of authority that developed false allegations. As a result the man (Hurricane) authorities came to blame was convicted and put in prison for 20 years but as Dylan says in his song, Hurricane could have been the champion of the world, referring to â€Å"Hurricane,† who was a well known sports figure for his boxing talent. The song is also narrated in such a way that Dylan tries to convey a message that will not only cause a critical analysis of the injustice by his fan base but also by the general public. The setting of the song takes place in Patterson, New Jersey, which is a line written in the song that reads, â€Å"and they arrive on the scene with their red lights flashing in the hot New Jersey night. † In the first verse of the song Dylan attempts to hook listeners with the words, â€Å"pistol shots ring out in the barroom night. and after describing a bartender laying in a pool of blood he then moves on to quote a secondary character named Patty Valentine as saying, â€Å"My god they’ve killed them all! † describing the three men that lay slain in the barroom. The next two sentences tells audience what Dylan is going to do in which he says, â€Å"Here comes the story of the Hurricane, the man authorities came to blame for somethin’ he never done. Put in a prison cell, but one time he could-a been the champion of the world. The first verse grabs the emotions of listeners by creating fear while imagining the sound of gun shots, a woman screaming, and a man laying dead in a pool of blood. While the second to last sentence of the first verse, gives an identity to the main character â€Å"Hurricane,† which is an attempt to stimulate an audience to imagine a man who is like a hurricane. The first time listening to the song, one might envision a man who was very tall, muscular, and who could rip doors of their hinges, and could pick up Volkswagens and throw them the length of a football field. In reality â€Å"Hurricane† is only five foot, eight inches and weighs one hundred and seventy pounds. However, Dylan does a fantastic job pulling his listeners in while introducing the main character and opening events that would build on one another until an apex of the song is reached. Dylan not only exhibits credibility because of his fame but most importantly his song writing ability. Two of his previous songs â€Å"Blowin’ in the wind† and â€Å"The Times Are a Changin’† were anthems used during the U. S. Civil Rights and anti-war movements of the 1960’s. Dylan’s way with words was again what enabled him to tell of Hurricane’s awful injustice, while hoping the lyrics to the song would invoke his audience to work to prevent and end similar injustices from happening in the future. Throughout the song Dylan makes suggestions of racial prejudice and coercion by the Patterson, New Jersey police, the District Attorney (D. A. ), and the judge who over saw the proceedings. For example he writes, â€Å"Number one contender for the middle weight crown had no idea the shit was about to go down when a cop pulled him over to the side of the road just like the time before and the time before that. In Patterson that just the way things go. If you’re black you might as well not show up on the street. Less you wanna draw the heat. † The heat Dylan is referring to was the ongoing harassment of African American’s by the Patterson police. Later in verse nine Dylan writes, â€Å"All of Rubins cards were marked in advance the trial was a pig-circus, he never had a chance. The judge made Rubins witnesses drunkards from the slums. To the white folks who watched he was a revolutionary bum and to the black folks he was just a crazy nigger. No one doubted that he pulled the trigger. And though they could not produce the gun, the D. A. said he was the one who did the deed and the all-white jury agreed. † In this verse Dylan is making a point that not only were the Patterson police trying to make an example out of Hurricane but also the D. A. and the overseeing judge. Keep in mind that during 1966 the United States was in the midst of a historical transition as just two years earlier President Lyndon B. Johnson had signed the Civil Rights Act outlawing all forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation. The act created serious tension among whites and blacks as a majority of whites refused to accept the change and the blacks were free to fight back against those who refused. In the end the tension provoked many hostile riots and fights to breakout all over the U. S. The year 1966 also marked the start of the Black Power movement, which was maintained until the 1970’s. The movement brought together black collective interest that consisted of racial pride, political goals, establishment of other social institutions, and most importantly a continued defense against racial oppression. Given the historical context one could attest that Dylan’s speculation of lingering racism could very much be true and at that time was very much alive. Throughout the song Dylan continually uses words and fraises that evoke the beliefs and values of those not only of the 60’s and 70’s but also of today’s generation. Dylan incessantly draws attention to the callous environment that was created and controlled by the Patterson police. The Police and the District Attorney needed someone to arrest for the barroom murders and the person that fit the description was Hurricane. In verse four Dylan introduces two more characters named Alfred Bello and Arthur Dexter Bradley. By doing this Dylan keeps the attention of his audience as he writes, â€Å"Alfred Bello had a partner and he had a rap for the cops. Him and Arthur Dexter Bradley were just prowlin’ around he said. † Dylan is telling the story as though Bello was speaking to the police in regards to why he and his partner were at the crime scene. Dylan goes on to quote Bello again having said, â€Å"I saw two men runnin’ out and they looked like middle weights (boxers) they jumped into a white car with out-of-state-plates. Dylan uses the above sentence to further suggest that the real criminals, Bello and Bradley pinned the blame on Hurricane and his friend and hinted to the cops in such a way that directed them to accuse and arrest a well known public figure that happened to be a middle weight boxer. Dylan is again trying to send a message to his audience that Hurricane was falsely accused. After the police arrested Hurricane and took him to the hospital to be identified by a wounded victim looking â€Å"through his one dyin’ eye,† the man says, â€Å"Whad you bring him in here for? He aint the guy! Dylan continues to link events together working toward his final message as he narrates the coercion of Bello and Bradley by the Patterson police. When four months later the two are reminded of the murder and reminded of the getaway car and are asked, â€Å"You think you’d like to play ball with the law? Think it might-a been that fighter that you saw runnin’ that night? Don’t forget your white. † Dylan moves on as he writes, â€Å"Rubin Carter was falsely tried. The crime was murder one, guess who testified? Bello and Bradley and they both baldly lied and the newspapers, they all went along for the ride. How can the life of such a man be in the palm of some fools hand? To see him obviously framed couldnt help but make me feel ashamed to live in a land where justice is a game. † Verse ten lets you know up front that Hurricanes conviction was wrong. The next sentence continues to work on the audience’s emotions as Dylan words describe his anger and disgust and that it’s no surprise that Bello and Bradley testified. In the following line, Dylan is alluding to the Patterson county judge as the fool with Hurricane’s life in the palm of his hand. In the last sentence, Dylan’s’ words are directly aimed at the American justice system calling it a game, which tells the audience you should be ashamed too. In the final verse Dylan hits listeners with a combination of three punches as he ends with his experienced opinion, beliefs, and desires. He writes, â€Å"Now all the criminals in their coats and their ties are free to drink martinis and watch the sun rise, while Rubin sits like Buddha in a ten-foot cell an innocent man in a living hell. Thats the story of the Hurricane, but it wont be over till they clear his name and give him back the time hes done. Put in a prison cell, but one time he could-a been the champion of the world. † It is obvious that Bello and Bradley are the criminals free to drink martini’s and know how to play the justice system game. Rubin sits like Buddha in a ten-foot cell is to influence the audience’s emotions visualizing a man sitting in his own personal hell like a statue that can do nothing but wait. Dylan lets the audience know he has finished the narrative by saying, â€Å"That’s the story of Hurricane. † The statement, â€Å"But it wont be over till they clear his name and give him back the time hes done. Put him in a prison cell, but one time he could-a been the champion of the world. † is telling the audience that they need to stand up and demand that the injustice of a innocent man be cleared and compensated for the time he has spent in prison. The ending chorus reminds the audience that the wrongful conviction not only took twenty years from a man’s life but also his chance at greatness. Before the song starts, Dylan’s reputation precedes him as a bond and a trust had already been established with his audience and those of the general public who knew of him. Although the song is not a part of our current pop culture, Dylan attempts to use his credibility to draw attention back to the racial discrimination and prejudice that was still looming the country after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had been implemented. From the beginning of the song to the end, Dylan tries to send a message to evoke the values and beliefs of his fans and the general public calling out to them to stand together against what was safe, popular, and politically right and to not only advocate for Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter but also demand the justice system prevent further unlawful injustice from happening in the future. By narrating, Dylan uses he words and phrases to invoke the emotions and hearts of his audience by describing the pain, loss, and anger, that Hurricane felt and the disgust that Dylan, himself felt in relation to the active events in the story and those who are a part of the justice system. The last idea that Dylan leaves his audience with is Hurricane was, â€Å"put in a prison cell, but one time he could-a been the champion of the world. † if it wasn’t for his wrongful incarceration.

A Raisin in the Sun - “Success” Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun â€Å"Success† Essay Success. Webster’s dictionary defines it as â€Å"The achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted; the gaining of fame or prosperity.†Although to truly understand the meaning of success, one needs to understand the relationship between success and goals. Success can simply be accomplishing your goals, but can also have a deeper meaning, such as personal growth. In the book A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, the Younger’s, Walter and Lena especially, are portrayed as a typical African American family in the 1950’s, trying to fight the prejudices that haunt every aspect of their lives. Lorraine Hansberry takes us through the journey of the Younger’s as they attempt to accomplish their dreams and achieve success. Overall, despite the obstacles they face such as racism, sexism, and dishonesty, Walter Lee and Lena â€Å"Mamma† Younger achieve success to certain extents; Walter achieves complete personal success and Mamma is completely successful in her goal to buy a house for her children and Travis. Walter Lee Younger reaches personal success by achieving personal growth and improvement. In the beginning of this book, Walter is irresponsible and selfish which is shown through many occasions such when Mama tells Walter â€Å"Ruth is thinking ‘bout getting rid of that child.† (75) And later â€Å"Walter†¦ has obviously been drinking.† (pg. 77) Essentially, Walter learns that his wife is pregnant and thinking of getting an abortion, and being the irresponsible selfish man he was, he went out and got drunk. Additionally, we learn that Walters’s investment did not work out and Mama asks him about his sister Beneetha’s money and he says â€Å"Mama†¦ I never†¦ went to the bank at all† (pg. 129) This quote indicates how utterly conceited he really was, to throw all of his sister’s money laid out for her tuition just for his own investment. It also shows that he no longer has any self worth or pride in himself or his family, which is obviously greatly valued throughout the family. At the end he ends up losing the money, for which most people would look at him as unsuccessful, but at the end of the book, he truly does he redeem himself. On pg. 148 Walter invites Linder over and intends on forfeiting any pride left and getting on his knees to beg for money, but instead something incredible happens. His intended message was forgotten when he looks upon his son and family and a renewed sense of self worth and value possesses him as he says â€Å"We have decided to move into our house because my father- my father- has earned it for us brick by brick†¦ we don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors.† (148) Through this one quote, Walter’s self growth is apparent as he finally stands up for his family and transitions into an honest, caring man as opposed to the selfish boy he was at the beginning of the book . As a result of this personal growth, Walter Lee Younger has attained absolute personal success. Throughout the book A Raisin in the Sun, Lena Younger, aka Mama, has been portrayed as the overbearing, but caring mother and grandmother whose main goal seems to be to buy a real house for her children and grandchild. This goal is made apparent on when she finally buys the house and says â€Å"Well- at least let me tell him something, I want him to be the first one to hear†¦ Come here, Travis.† (pg. 90) This quote shows her obvious love and fondness for her beloved grandson and later on she says â€Å"You glad about the house? It’s going to be yours when you get to be a man.† (pg. 91) These quotes clarify her dreams to move into a new house to make Travis happy and they are accomplished when after Walter’s speech, Linder questions her approval and she firmly states that â€Å"My son said we was going to move and there ain’t nothing left for me to say.† (148) Lorraine Hansberry then ends her book with the Younger’s finally leaving their apartment behind, showing that in the end, Mama did accomplish her dream and was successful in her goal of moving into a new house for her family. Throughout Lorraine Hansberry’s novel A Raisin in the Sun, Lena and Walter Lee Younger face many prejudices and obstacles in the way of accomplishing their dreams, but in the end they are successful.

Was Nelson Mandela A Great Leader History Essay

Was Nelson Mandela A Great Leader History Essay INTRODUCTION The leader is a man who comes closest to realizing the norms the group values the highest; this conformity gives him his high rank, which attracts people and implies the right to assume control of the group. (Homans, 1950). The underlying need-structure of the individual which motivates his behavior in various leadership situations. Leadership style thus refers to the consistency of goals or needs over different situations. (Fiedler, 1967). One of the great leaders who had the above qualities fulfilled in him was Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, former president of South Africa and world acclaimed international statesman. The following would be a detailed analysis of his leadership traits, behavior and the situations in which he had proved himself a good leader. ABOUT NELSON MANDELA Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela commonly known as Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in Umtata, Transkei, South Africa; son of Henry Mandela (a Tembu tribal chief). He married Evelyn Ntoko Mase (a nurse), 1944, divorced, 1956; married Nomzamo Winnie Madikileza (a social worker and political activist), June 14, 1958, divorced; married Graca Machel (lawyer), 1998; children: (first marriage) Thembi (a son; deceased), Makgatho (son), Makaziwe (daughter); (second marriage) Zenani (daughter), Zindziswa (daughter). He took up a correspondence course with the University of South Africa (now UNISA) to complete his first degree. He was awarded his Bachelors degree in 1941, and in 1942 he was articled to another firm of attorneys and started upon a law degree at the University of Witwatersrand. By 1948 Nelson Mandela had failed to pass the exams required for his LLB law degree, and he decided instead to settle for the qualifying exam which would allow him to practice as an attorney. LIFE AS A PRISONER During the 1940s and 1950s he rose rapidly through the ANC hierarchy but was frequently subject to police harassment, detention, and banning. When the ANC was outlawed in 1960 he went underground and organized its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation). In 1962 he was Sentenced to five years imprisonment for inciting Africans to strike and for leaving South Africa without a valid travel document. In 1964, whilst still in detention, he was charged with treason and, after giving a memorable four-and-a-half hour speech criticizing apartheid, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Living in a prison had the same meaning as living in the worst place in South Africa: Robben Island. ANC prisoners earned D classifications, which was prisoners who were the most dangerous and had the least rights. They were kept in cells with hay carpets and thin blankets as beds and iron buckets for toilets. The daily menu was always the same; small portion of corn soup with extra vegetable or meat chop for dinner. The men were wearing thin shirts from khaki and shorts, even during the winter, and were restricted from reading newspapers or magazines-they were not allowed to read any news at all. The prisoners spent most of their time in a chalk mine, where they worked very hard As one of the leaders of the group, Nelson received more harsh treatment than the others. He was kept 23 hours in his cell every day, shined only by a lamp. This made him unable to sleep or know what the time was. He was only allowed to have one visitor every six months and once he was not allowed to see his wife for two years, Winnie. He could only write and receive one letter every six months. The letter he received was screened by the guard, who would cut the parts that were considered to be unsafe, effectively erasing those parts even though there were writings behind those parts. In total Mandela spent twenty-seven consecutive years in detention. From 1964 to 1982 he was held on Robben Island, from 1982 to 1988 in Pollsmoor Prison, Cape Town, and from 1988 to 1990 in Victor Verster Prison, Paarl. From 1985 on he rejected several offers of conditional release which would have imposed severe limits on his political activities. In many ways his imprisonment increased his, already considerable, political status and resulted in a worldwide campaign for his release. During the 27 years that Mandela spent in prison, hidden from the eyes of the world while he quarried limestone and harvested seaweed, his example of quiet suffering was just one of numerous pressures on the apartheid government. Public discussion of Mandela was illegal, and he was allowed few visitors. But as the years dragged on, he assumed the mantle of a martyr. In 1982 Mandela was moved to the Maximum security Pollsmoor Prison outside Cape Town. This move apparently stemmed from fears by the South African authorities that Mandela was exerting too great an influence on the other prisons at Robben Island. Mandela spent much of the next six years in solitary confinement, during which he was allowed a weekly 30-minute visit by his wife, Winnie. He was offered a conditional freedom in 1984 on the condition that he settle in the officially designated black homeland of Transkei, an offer Mandela refused with an affirmation of his allegiance to the African National Congress. In 1988, Mandela was hospitalized with tuberculosis, and after his recovery he was returned to prison under somewhat less stringent circumstances. In February 1990 he was unconditionally released to scenes of joyous celebration at home and abroad. LIFE AS A POLITICIAN Another revisionist interpretive approach is to understand Mandelas greatness as a collectively manufactured achievement the deliberate assembly of a messianic personality originating in a movements awareness Of its own organizational shortcomings and willingness to compensate for them by directing its ideas through a charismatic individual. This is indeed part of Mandelas story, for the ANC certainly began to intentionally contrive a public legend around Mandelas  leadership  well before he went to prison during the 1952 defiance campaign, when collective decisions and activities were attributed to his personal genius. The appearance in South Africa at this time of popular photo-journalism aimed at black readers made this easier, and Mandela himself took pains to ensure that the media images matched the messages he and his comrades wished to project. Mandelas earliest political experience came while enrolled at the University College of Fort Hare, where he was working to obtain a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. While at the college, he was elected to a student political organization known as the Students Representative Council. Soon after, Mandela was expelled for participating in a protest on campus (ANC archive). Because of this, Mandela attended Johannesburg where he finally obtained his BA. Soon after, he joined the  African National Congress  in 1942, during the height of  World War II. Nelson Mandelas personal fixation with freedom brought him to work with many other members of the African National Congress to form a group under the leadership of a colleague, Anton Lembede (ANC archive). The groups main focus was to change the African National Congress into a mass movement, including all people from urban communities to those in the country. Mandela was instrumental in many political endeavors, many of which were anti-apartheid movements such as the Program of Action, a policy based initiative which was founded on the principle of using the non-violent weapons of boycott, strike, civil disobedience and non-co-operation (ANC archive). This eventually became the modus operandi of the African National Congress. And yet, some of our greatest leaders and role models have to resort to evil in order to do well. Mandela, being no exception to this, was the leader of an armed resistance group known as Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), formed in 1962. Mandela explains his reasoning: At the beginning of June 1961, after long and anxious assessment of the South African situation, I and some colleagues came to the conclusion that as long violence in this country was inevitable; it would be wrong and unrealistic for African leaders to continue preaching peace and non-violence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force. -Nelson Mandela. He was eventually elected President of the African National Congress in 1991. Later, in 1994, he was democratically elected President of the State of  South Africa. QUOTABLE QUOTS OF NELSON MANDELA Let freedom reign. The sun never set on so glorious a human achievement.   A good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination.   Only free men can negotiate. Prisoners cannot enter into contracts.   Communists have always played an active role in the fight by colonial countries for their freedom, because the short-term objects of Communism would always correspond with the long-term objects of freedom movements.   SELECTED WRITINGS OF NELSON MANDELA No Easy Walk to Freedom, Basic Books, 1965. The Struggle Is My Life, Pathfinder Press, 1986. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, Little, 1994. AWARDS GIVEN TO NELSON Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding from the government of India, 1980; Bruno Kreisky Prize for Human Rights from the government of Austria, 1981; named an honorary citizen of Rome, 1983; Simon Bolivar International Prize from UNESCO, 1983; W. E. B. DuBois Medal, 1986; Nobel Peace Prize, 1987; Liberty Medal, 1987; Sakharov Prize, 1988; Gaddaff Human Rights Prize, 1989; Houphouet Prize, 1991; Nobel Peace Prize, 1993; numerous international honorary degrees, including honorary doctorate degree, Open University, Cape Town, 2004; honorary degree, Amherst College, New York, 2005. CLOSING THOUGHTS True, Mandela had important collaborators that helped him to become a hero and he was the beneficiary of social context and historical circumstances. But no reassessments are likely to detract from Mandelas  achievements  as a political performer whether following his own strategic intuitions or acting out a collectively contrived script. Mandelas understanding of politics as performance is well documented it is obvious and explicit in his courting of the media as early as the 1950s, and his fascination from that time with costumes and disguises. But Mandelas iconic status is not just the consequence of his theatrical capacity to motivate and inspire. His authority is also the product of the occasions when he has acted against the grain, when he has asserted his own individual will. Such actions have continued since his supposed retirement. Nelson R. Mandela, in the wake of political turmoil, was one man who was both willing and able to stand up and fight back. Indeed, we can see how the man developed his legacy through his activist years, his years in prison, and his much more elaborate life afterwards. Despite Mandelas history of supporting terrorism (was on the offical US Terrorist Watch List), the South African Broadcasting Corporation poll for the Greatest South Africans, had Mandela ranked number one greatest South African of all time. Conclusion Nelson Mandela has never wavered in his devotion to democracy, equality and learning. Despite terrible provocation, he has never answered racism with racism. His life has been an inspiration, in South Africa and throughout the world, to all who are oppressed and deprived, to all who are opposed to oppression and deprivation. Mandela personifies struggle and today he is still leading the fight against apartheid with extraordinary resilience and vigor after spending nearly 3 decades of his life behind bars. He has sacrificed his private life and his youth for his people, and remains South Africas best known and loved hero. Nelson Mandela reinforces the fact that leaders have very different qualities and that leadership success is more complex than just identifying few traits or preferable behaviors. He is endowed with many personality traits that make him a natural leader, and over the course of his lifetime, he has also developed many leadership skills and strategies Mandelas leadership success can be attributed to his use of consensus. Consensus is considered to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members towards group objectives. Using consensus aids in making the best possible decision and utilizes the resources of everyone involved. In conclusion, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process.

Dialogue Essay †Birdseye View of Life and Death :: Dialogue Conversation Essays

Dialogue Essay – Birdseye View of Life and Death Episode One. A Prologue of Sorts. The camera eye sees everything, and sees it calmly and objectively. It pans slowly around the room, beginning at the coffin and the cluster of black-clad mourners gazing down at the body then continuing clockwise catching two or three-person clusters scattered around the room. It sees the pale cream-colored walls and the scarlet carpet. It sees everything in the circle of its passing and calls attention to nothing but the whole, until it reaches me sitting on a loveseat to the left of the deep-red coffin, a girl about the same age as me to my left. It zooms in on my face as I sit there, all emotion drawn out and dried-up ahead of time. Laurie squeezes my arm and lays her cheek on my shoulder. But the camera continues to zoom in on my gaze and cuts to the focus, my mother. It saw her earlier, but now it is beginning to make sense of the situation, catching the subtle details that tell the story. In silence the camera eye peers at her, zooming in inch- by-inch. Like everyone else, she is dressed in black, and like me she is emotionally exhausted. She tries to smile and be strong, but there is nothing behind it but weariness. In her face, everything is weary. And every few moments she presses a white handkerchief to her eyes to dry tears that aren't even coming out any more. Next to her, with his arm around her slumped shoulders is a balding man with one chin too many and a blushed face and a smile that might be able to pass as greasy if it wasn't so creepy and intrusive. He pulls her face to him and gives her a strong hug and tries to be there for her dry-eyed weeping. The camera cuts back to me and sees in my face a glimmer of emotion growing stronger momentarily: disgust. He let go of Ma, and she stood up straight again. She hugged him one more time, briefly, and walked over to me. I quickly wiped the disgust from my face and tried to return the same weary smile she was giving me, but even in her worst moment, I couldn't hope to compare. I stood up. "Hello, Ma," I said. Laurie stood up with me, hugged me, and said, "I guess maybe I should go.

Pakistans Relationship with IMF and World Bank Essay -- Pakistan Econ

Pakistan's Relationship with IMF and World Bank My topic deals with Pakistan, its relationship with the IMF and World Bank, and its internal problems that are causing unemployment, poverty, economic crisis and hunger. I shall be analyzing the situation using the neo-classical theory, as it is what the economists of the Pakistan government and the IMF are using to alleviate the economic instability of the country. Situated in the sub-continent, Pakistan is a low-income country, with great promise for growth. Unfortunately, it is held back from reaching middle-income status by chronic problems like a rapidly growing population, sizable government deficits, a heavy dependence on foreign aid, recurrent governmental instability and large military expenditures. It is to address these fundamental faults in Pakistan’s economy that the IMF has initiated the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) in the country. This is discussed in further detail later in the paper. Like all developing countries, Pakistan’s population is largely employed in the agricultural sector, which accounts for about 48 percent of the labor force. In today’s world the Industrial and Service sectors are the largest growing areas of a developed county’s economy. Yet Pakistan only employs 39 percent of its population in Service, and a minute 13 percent in Industry. This is a paltry figure, compared to the employment statistics of a developed country. Pakistan is also heavily dependent on a single export crop, cotton. Hence the country’s fortunes rise and fall with the cotton market. It is no wonder that there are so many poverty stricken people in Pakistan. When almost half the population is involved in a very volatile market, a lot of the time, a lot of people will be burnt by price fluctuations. The country is also subject to the mercy of the weather. Focussing on a major cash crop means very little diversification. This translates to mass hunger and hard times for the agricultural sector whenever the agrarian lands are ravaged by floods, or conversely, by droughts. Even more importantly, Pakistan’s agricultural sector is marked by large landowners, controlling most of the production. Hence, only a minimal amount of the profit from exports goes to the poor people working for the large farmers. It is these people who constitute a large portion of P... ... what appears to be an inevitable crash of its economy. The situation of the poor and under privileged could also be alleviated eventually as long as the government decides to start spending money on developing an infrastructure that can help feed the hungry by providing them with jobs. Nevertheless, there are no easy options left. Only the painful ones remain. It is, however, important that the pain of reform be distributed equitably, and not born largely by the poorer classes, as is very often the case. There are tough times ahead. Unfortunately, there is little evidence that the Pakistani ruling elite is aware of the gravity of the situation; or that it has what it will take to steer the country out of its mess. Bibliography: Bibliography: Andleeb Abbas, ‘Pakistan: A Puppet on the IMF Chain’ M Sharif, ‘IMF tranche $280 mn: Prof. M Rashid, ‘Fracturing Social Change’ IMF online resources World Bank online resources Pakistan Budget Report, 98-99 Dialogue between IMF and Pakistan, ’99 Lappe, Collins, Rosset, Esparza, ‘World Hunger’ Prof. Dr. M.A. Hussein Mullick, ‘Pulling the country out of its present financial crisis: the challenge for the present regime’

Rock and Roll Essay -- Music, Elvis Presley

What comes to mind when you think about Rock and Roll? Is it the pulsating rhythms, and upbeat tempo that seemingly sooth the mind? What many don’t realize is this phenomenon was started by a single man that combined various elements he loved. This man, Elvis Presley, not only created Rock and Roll but a new era of attitude and personality which people perceived as they watched him perform. Elvis Aaron Presley, one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century, started a new clothing style for his generation, influenced a new era of dance, and most notably introduced Rock and Roll to the world. Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi into a loving but poor family (Tracy 1). From the young age of 7, Elvis showed a passion for music. He was introduced to music in the family’s Assembly of God church where the southern gospel music became an important influence on his success. When Elvis’ mother Gladys acquired enough money, she bought him his first guitar, he then taught himself to play and in October 1945, he had his first taste of success in music by placing in the town fair talent contest (â€Å"Famous Quotes†. After graduating high school in 1953, he worked various jobs while still pursuing his musical career. Later in 1953, he walked into Sun Studios where he paid four dollars to record his first record. Upon hearing Elvis’ recording, Sam Philips decided to take him under his wing and then became his record label owner (â€Å"Elvis Presley†). In 1954, he produced his first single â€Å"That’s all Right.† From then unt il his death he became the biggest phenomenon ever in the world of entertainment (Morrison 1). From the start of Elvis’ career, he was in the center of the spotlight but before his career even started his appe... ...ers of his time. Elvis is known as the leading artist in R & B, gospel, and American country (â€Å"Elvis Presley†). He has sold over a billion records, more than any other artist known to man. He was one of the first performers ever inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 (Brewster 1). Elvis loved performing live concerts â€Å"A live concert to me is exciting because of all the electricity that is generated in the crowd and onstage,† it’s his favorite part of his business (â€Å"Famous Quotes† 1). Even today he still remains a legendary music icon for popularizing and creating the start of Rock and Roll (Brewster 1). It is impossible to think of a Rock and Roll star who doesn’t owe a debt to Elvis Presley (Ebsco). Today he is still known as the starter of Rock and Roll, and is the most successful recording artist in terms of hit songs and hit albums still today.

Heart of Darkness Essay

Kurtz is the man who Marlow searches for through the Congo. Marlow’s search develops into an obsession and when the search has ended, he only finds a shadow of a man that was once Kurtz. Kurtz was a man who had achieved great things in his life, inspiring each person he had come across and was expected to accomplish more. He came into the Congo with great plans for civilizing the natives, however he became greedy, which ended up being the subject of his own demise. ‘I had immense plans†¦ I was on the threshold of great things’. Kurtz’s main characteristics were his ability to talk passionately to people and inspire them with his words. He had a charisma that made people feel that he was some kind of a genius. Kurtz was a very talented human being, gifted in many areas. He could not be pinned down to a specific talent. He was seen as a great musician to his cousin that Marlow visits, a brilliant politician and leader of men to the journalist and a genius and humanitarian to his intended. Marlow views him as a universal genius. Kurtz is a round character, who is explored deeply and at times, almost to deep. He is neither the protagonist nor the antagonist, but he is a complex main character within the novel. In places where Kurtz is described, there is imagery of darkness and foreboding evil. Kurtz was an exaggeration of the white people who had come to Africa for money. Kurtz’s greed for ivory became extreme and even made him violent and aggressive. He was the idea of the self-made man that was the American dream. It was thought that any man could travel and be wealthy materially and spiritually. He was living that dream for a while, before it swallowed him whole. His ego inflated and he believed himself to be a superior being such as God. He let himself be worshipped among the natives and encircled himself with darkness and evil. Hence, his ideals had changed from his journey through Africa. And he soon became one of the natives. Releasing himself from civilization and restraint. When Marlow finally reached Kurtz, Kurtz had become hollow. Kurtz had reached insanity. He was no longer the great man he had once been. ‘He was hollow at the core. ‘ Through conversing with the natives and immersing himself with them, Kurtz lost his restraint, which he had learned through civilization. By taking part in native ceremonial gatherings, he had lost his soul and he had succumbed to darkness. ‘How many powers of darkness claimed him for their own. ‘ The reason for his behaviour was his greed for ivory. He gave up his soul only for the sole purpose of money and success. However, his actions are justified as Marlow expresses that leaving a man in a jungle with nothing but himself and the desire to make money, will make him go mad. Without restraint from his own culture, Kurtz’s basic instincts were released. Kurtz’s appearance had dramatically altered as well. He was extremely thin and had a baldhead; he had also lost the ability to walk. From being a God to the natives, he soon comes to despise them. He sees them as rebels, which is why he has stuck heads on sticks outside his hut. ‘Exterminate the brutes’ In the end, Kurtz dies just after he has come to realize that he has become the heart of darkness. He is an embodiment of evil and he highlights this by saying, ‘The horror! The horror! ‘ Kurtz was an imperialist who was a symbol of colonization, and a symbol of the jungle.

Spanish Culture

Spain is a genuinely geographic diverse estate, ranging from deserts, beaches, and mountains. Spain is deeply root in tradition due to the many outside influences byout time. Spain is the third macroscopicalst country in Europe. Spain became recess of NATO, and then coupled the European Union in 1986. afterwards this the economy of Spain increased world-shatteringly, placing Spain firmly on the Western economy map and gained major(ip) trading partners. The country is a passing developed and stable democracy. Spanish Family set The family is the basis of the social social organization and implicates few(prenominal) the nuclear and the ex hunted family, which some(prenominal)times provides both a social and a fiscal support net mesh. .Today, it is less common than previously for family members to work in a family melody, as own(prenominal) preferences ar beta and university program line is general . The anatomical structure and the size of the family vary, merely slackly, people wait until im menseer lives, tolerate fewer children than before, and fewer people live in their homes with extended family. Familial networks c both for flummox less tight. The greatest changes produce occurred inside families, amongst men and woman, and the p bents and children because the determine that inspire these relations have changed. worship in Spain The majority of Spaniards argon evening gownly Roman Catholic, although distinct apparitional beliefs argon seizeed. During the history of Spain, there have been long periods of where different religious sort outs have coexisted, including Muslims, Jews and Christians.Still some traditions manifest much(prenominal) like a cultural event than a religious 1. During Holy Week, many participants of the processions wear peaked, foreboding(a) hats as the sign of a bad and walk barefoot, carrying a burden of some kind. Religious history is apparent in every small town, where the most grandiose ramp uping is typically the church. In the large cities the Cathedrals are almost museums. Bussines Key concepts and set Face Spanish nuance places a large idiom on individual(prenominal) pride.Therefore, causing loss of face through criticism or embarrassment should be avoided at all costs. During care meetings, for example, it is infixed that your collapseations are comprehensible in post to avoid any embarrassment that whitethorn occur from possible misunderstandings. In addition, when dealing with your Spanish counter move you may also fall upon that competence and control are important elements of their work ethos and crucial for saving face.This may result in your Spanish colleagues pressure that everything is in drift, even if it is not. Individualism In terms of own(prenominal) attributes, several(prenominal)ism is highly valued in Spain, along with an emphasis on caseful and social status. Spanish culture highlights the importance of self and ones family. However, influenced by its collectivist past, family values, a sense of identity and belonging to a group, are also integral parts of society in Spain.Consequently personal qualities, appearance, plan and personal relationships are extremely significant components in contemporary Spanish culture. In a railway line scene, personal attributes and character are a great deal valued as much as technical ability, look or professional competence. When doing tune in Spain, you will find that individualism is specially predominant in management, where Spanish managers are less inclined to favour group decision fashioning and team orientation.Uncertainty evasion This is a racy element of Spanish culture that refers to the cautious approach the Spanish take towards new ideas. In Spain, individuals tend to avoid ambiguity, but often accept a familiar risk situation. Spains attitudes to rules, regulations and structure are important for verifying a sense of control in a typically u ncertain situation. In personal credit line, managers in Spain generally prefer to have precise answers to questions and better precise instructions in order to reduce conflict.In addition, you may find that the Spanish amenable nature to sign origin suggestions is often hindered by a considered and dubitable approach to final decisions. Masculinity Vs Feminity Machismo is the pronounce for male dominance, and the culture of old men who created it has changed dramatically. Spain is a very equalitarian society, the nascency rate is the one of the clinical depressionest in Europe, and women are present at university and work. broad(prenominal) mise en scene vs. mild Context mete out a look how members of high and low contextual cultures see themselves and their opposites heights Context communicating Low Context Communication polite open reverent professedly integrates by similarities/harmony integrates by legitimacy not direct direct High Context claims Low Cont ext Low Context claims High Context uncivil hiding information cannot read between the lines not trustable naive arrogant no self discipline too formal too fast too remit In high context parley information can have different meanings according.It needs additional information to encode (understand). In low context intercourse information has only one unmarried meaning. Spain is between High and low context communication but it is more point to high context. DOING BUSSINES IN SPAIN operative practices o Working hours can vary across Spain. Generally speaking, offices open at almost 09. 00 and close mid-evening, with a two-hour break sound-nigh 14. 00. However, Spanish working hours have become more Europeanised in recent years, curiously in the northern cities. o production line appointments should always be made well in advance in Spain and cheque via letter or fax in front is advised.It is best to arrange initial condescension meetings for mid-morning due to th e relatively unusual structure of the Spanish working day. o punctuality is expected of foreign visitors however, you may sometimes find your Spanish counterparts arrive up to 30 minutes late. Structure and power structure o Hierarchy and position are extremely significant in Spanish barter culture. For this reason it is advised to work with those of equal rank rather than with psyche of a rase care status. o The distinct hierarchical structure of Spanish businesses means the authority to make decisions rests with the individual in highest authority. o Subordinates are respectful of authority and are generally farther removed from their superiors.Spanish business culture advocates subsidiary initiative where problems are dealt with at lower levels initiatory before approaching superiors for assistance. Working relationships o An essential part of conducting business in Spain is establishing personal contacts. Generally speaking, the Spanish prefer to do business with thos e they are familiar with, therefore obtaining personal contacts enables the dialog process to advance more fleetly and successfully. o Establishing solid business relationships and building colleague rapport is a vital concept in Spanish business culture. Effective business negotiations and decisions are frequently based on trust and personal feelings, as well as cover evidence. The Spanish close sense of personal space and animated means of normal and communication can be seen as part of this emotion directed culture. trade practices o The decision-making process in Spain is commonly unhurried and can be a gradual, detailed procedure that involves contemplation from unlike levels within the company. In this respect, maintaining good relationships with your Spanish counterparts from all positions are vital for success. o When arriving at an appointment it is advised to present your business mailing to the receptionist. Wherever possible, business cards should be printed in incline on one side and in Spanish on the other. You should present your card with the Spanish side facing the recipient. An initial introduction at both business and social meetings generally include a formal handshake with everyone present, male and female, whilst making direct eye contact. Business etiquette (Dos and Donts) DO remain patient in all dealings with your Spanish counterparts.The Spanish are sometimes noted for their relaxed approach to business and Spanish bureaucracy can be frustrating. However, be wary of the manana stereotype as you will find that certainly in the northern regions such as Catalonia and the Basque expanse that deadlines and punctuality are much more closely adhered to. DO try to maintain a friendly and personal atmosphere during negotiations. In order to be rough-and-ready in Spain, Spanish business culture also requires a sense of self-dignity, consideration and diplomacy. DO use basic titles of courtesy, Mr, Mrs, or Miss, followed by the su rname, and professional titles, such as Dr, where known. Particularly with older counterparts or those in the south of Spain. Care should also be taken in using the refine surname as Spaniards have two, their fathers first surname and their mothers first surname.Normally the fathers surname is apply on its own. DONT expect to enter into business discussions at the start of a meeting. Your Spanish colleagues will want to establish a familiar environment on which to build new business relationships. This may include asking personal questions regarding your family life and background. DONT anticipate that business can be explicitly discussed over meals, it is generally considered a friendly activity and therefore you should wait until your Spanish colleagues initiate such conversation. Despite this, business lunches and dinners are a vital part of business life in Spain as a means through which to establish trust and future business relationships. DONT disclose signs of over ass ertiveness or superiority. Your Spanish counterparts will appreciate a more modest approach to business negotiations.http//www. communicaid. com/cross-cultural-training/culture-for-business-and-management/doing-business-in/Spanish-business-and-social-culture. php

Hr Manuel-Hbm Pharmaceuticals Lahore Essay

thither atomic number 18 certain easons undersurface adapting the employee adviseations intensively. Firstly, current employees know the best or so the jobs collect to be filled so, they back tooth better pep up person who hind end better perform the peculiar(prenominal) jobs. Secondly, current employees exit never suggest an applicator unless they agnize sure that he or she abide perform confidently in front of sleep withrs. Beca mapping send incapable appli bunst distort the image of employee who is promoting forward-looking appli flockt. 3. 1. 2. External searches Other sources of enlisting ar report advertisements. This is the near popular system the fellowship uses when it wants to publicly announce about its vacancies.Besides, HBM too use nonifications pasting on different locations like walls and polls. The notification carries information of fluent need of medical representative. This help telephoner to generate wide pool of applicant for the recruitm ent purpose Recommendations Our follow HBM uses advertisements for recruitment but beau monde should to a fault use the cyberspace rule for recruitment. This order leave ultimately help company to tighten its recruitment cost. Universities and collages notifications HBM should use university and collages as sources of recruitment. Company should ordinate information on the universities and collages notice boards and the websites. there company can capture fresh chances. This method acting is also a cost effective method and full for the recruitment. 3. 2. Selection phase Company selection criteria implicate number of step the prospect has to pass through and through. 3. 2. 1. sign screening At this stage of selection, criterion company see that if candi go steady is fulfilling the stripped qualification, the candidate who meets the minimum qualification standard is past passed and eligible for the adjoining coming stage. Rests of the candidates atomic number 18 rejec ted. 3. 2. 2. Completed application HBM use a unsophisticated application form which contains simpleton questions like Name, Address, Telephone and Other personalized information.It may include candidates experience, education and some other experience certificates. Upon verification, if company finds any information faked, the candidate can be rejected. 3. 2. 3. Employment tally Because HBMs major take a leakforce is SPO (gross revenue Promotion officeholder), merely SPOs atomic number 18 required to qualify in the tribulation. This simple quiz is based on memory the candidate is required to memorize medicine literature and soce his pronunciation, speaking fluency is suss out. The pass candidates proceed for the bordering stage. In contrast, HBM does not take any test for candidates who argon striving for other professions like accountant, shopkeeper and security guard.Comprehensive interview Here directors and zonal sales governrs take the all-embracing interview . Applicants confidence and its emotional stability are substantiationed here. Almost all candidates, belong to different familiarity background are required to pass through the comprehensive interview in order to check their confidence take aim. 3. 2. 5. Unconditional commerce stretch outs After the comprehensive interview if applicants perform intelligently, HBM will offer conditional or unconditional job. Recommendations HBM should use employment test for accountants, storekeepers and other applicants in order to measure applicants abilities, communication skills and analytical skills.Depending, which applicant overhaul in which category thats how company can fill vacancy with who is better fit for the grouchy job. SPOs should also be effrontery test to gauge their selling techniques as they spend most of their time in selling medicine. SPOs personal grooming should be give significant brilliance during hiring process. For Accountant attitude, HBM mustiness take test t o make sure their analytical skills 4. Socialization and preference political platform Loneliness and a feeling of isolation are not unusual for in the buff employees-they need spare attention to put them at ease. So, the organization must follow the socialization process to update individually(prenominal) parvenue employee about the values and norms of diddleing at HBM Pharmaceuticals. 4. 1. Socialization Process Pre-arrival stageThe organization will use selection process to inform future employees about the organization as a whole. observe stage If the un utilise employees found the differences between their expectations about job and reality then these employees should be interact to detach them from their previous assumptions and replace these with the organizations pivotal standards. transfiguration stage Higher direction will nominate help to recently hired employees in miscue of any occupation they faced during working in the organization. Each individual should be informed about the evaluation process. That is, theyve gained an understanding of what criteria will be use to measure and appraise their work.A trusted environs should be vexed and maintained by the high management so that each employee should feel well-off to work with the organization. Socialization of freshly employees can also be possible through the impudentfound-employee orientation process. 4. 2. youthful-employee orientation course Process Activities that introduce unexampled employees to the organization and their work units are the part of orientation. 4. 2. 1. The chief executive officers share in Orientation The chief executive officer as the tip of the companys executive management should act in the orientation process to encourage new employees to work for this organization and also let the new employees to talk about their bring ups.The CEO should visit each regional office at the announced date for at least once in a month to meet collectiv ely with all new employees. 4. 2. 2 HRMs Role in Orientation The role of Human Resource Department is actually important in the orientation because generally this segment is responsible for recruiting and selection process. Currently, as there is no functional HR Department in the HBM Pharmaceuticals, so it is the duty of managing director gross sales and Zonal Sales motorbuss (ZSMs) to play their role by conducting the official gatherings where the new employees will meet with the old employees and their interactions will work up. If the new employee is hire as Regional Sales Manager (RGM) or Zonal Sales Manager (ZSM) then The CEO will be present at the orientation ceremony.If the new employee is hired at other dumbfound, except that mentioned above, than the ZSMs are responsible for orientation. ZSM should offer these new employees what else he/she can do for them in the future. 5. develop and Development Plan 5. 1. Employee culture There are two types of procreation ava ilable in HBM Pharmaceuticals one for the new hiring and the other is for the existing employees. 5. 1. 1. New employees Training is only available for new hiring as Sales Promotion speckler (SPO). It is mandatory that new employees for all other localizations available should be undergo and they should have the skill set required for the specific job. 5. 1. 2. subsisting employees Major portion of job positions in HBM Pharmaceuticals is sales oriented.If the employee at certain level is not fulfilling his/her responsibilities consort to the job description then he/she will be offered a training sitting by his/her immediate incumbent. In that meeting, problem should be addressed with the tar spend a pennyed employee and try on to identify the potential solution for that problem. If the officer recommends then the employee should be sent on training. Training can also be offered in such a case if the existing employee is promoted from one position to other position and the management perceives that training is inevitable to enhance the skill set and abilities of the employee. 5. 2. Determining training take 5. 2. 1. SPO The job of Sales Promotion mailr is very critical for the organization.Newly hired SPO should be offered 1 month training to enhance his/her personal knowledge about the products to increase communication skills and to develop the social skills to work as a police squad. Existing SPOs have to fulfill their targets. If any SPO is inefficient to fulfill his/her target then RSM/ZSM will discuss the matter with him/her at weekly meeting. RSM/ZSM will try to identify and solve the problem. If the SPO can not emend his/her performance after the counseling session then RSM/ZSM can recommend a training session for the particular employee. 5. 2. 2. Office provide Training will be offered to office staff if working rule has changed in the organization.For example by implementing new applied science equipment, or the addition of new process in the job description of office staff. 5. 2. 3. RSM/ZSM These are experience staff. Their responsibilities are also high because it is their duty to manage a group of subordinates. Managerial level skills are required for that job. If the employee at this position has some problem regarding his/her attitude or leading a team then Director Sales can recommend a training session to enhance their interpersonal skills as well as their leadership skills. 5. 2. 4. The CEO and Director Sales HBM Pharmaceuticals is a mateship concern and it is owned by two persons one is CEO and other is Director Sales.So, training is the personal treat of these two individuals. If they think that through training, they can manage their business more than effectively then they can go for a training session. 5. 3. Training Methods There are several methods which can be apply by the management to train their employees according to their needs and the job position. 5. 3. 1. SPO For new joining SP Os, it is most appropriate to use classroom lectures to train them because this is the method use to increase their subjective skills. It will also laboursaving for them to enhance their communication skills. For existing SPOs to increase their productivity, RSM/ZSM should meet them personally and give them personal support. re profitsable to this meeting, the problem will be solved and on with benefit, SPOs morale will be increased. 5. 3. 2. RSM/ZSM schoolroom lectures as well as On-the- line of work Training Methods are used to train RSM/ZSM. Director Sales will recommend the most appropriate method according to the situation and problem. 5. 4. Employee Development Employee development focuses more on the employees personal growth. Successful employees on the watch for positions of greater responsibility have analytical, human, conceptual and vary skills. 5. 4. 1. Employee Development Methods There are several methods which are used to develop film directorial and non-manag erial staff.Appropriate method selection will depends on situation. 5. 4. 2. Developing Office Staff commerce Rotation is the appropriate and recommended method to develop office staff. The concerned authority can choose horizontal or vertical Job Rotation to develop office staff according to the skill set of the staff. 5. 4. 3. Developing SPO to major(postnominal) SPO Job Rotation is a good method to develop the abilities of SPO so that he/she can become Senior SPO. Vertical Job Rotation can be selected for this situation. 5. 4. 4. Developing Senior SPO to RSM RSM is quite big position for senior SPO. So it is recommended that Assistant-to-Position method should be used to develop senior SPO to RSM.Senior SPO will work as an assistant to RSM to get in attainment knowledge of the responsibilities of RSM and he/she can develop himself/herself in a better way according to the new responsibilities. 5. 4. 5. Developing RSM to ZSM RSM and ZSM both are managerial positions and the posi tion holders are experienced professionals. The only difference is the level of responsibility. ZSM is responsible for the sales of whole zone which is a quite big responsibility. Therefore, it is recommended that Assistant-to-Position Method and Lecture courses and Seminars are used to enhance the closing making skills of RSM and to correct more team management skills. 5. 4. 6. Developing ZSM to Director Sales In the current organization settings, ZSM can only become Director if he/she became the partner of HBM Pharmaceuticals.It is recommended that the position of Director Sales should not be fixed for Partners and ZSM should be developed to this position on the base of his/her performance. 6. Performance approximations Performance appraisals must pick out to employees how well they have performed on established goals. Its also desirable to have these goals and performance measures reciprocally set between the employee and the supervisor. 6. 1. Appraisal Methods There are seve ral methods which are used by management to evaluate employee performance. According to the nature of business of HBM Pharmaceuticals, we are recommending a method called Using Achieved Outcomes to Evaluate Employees or Management by Objectives (MBO). 6. 1. 1.Management by Objectives (MBO) iv ingredients are common to MBO program 6. 1. 1. 1. Goal specificity The objectives in MBO should be concise statements of expected accomplishments. Tangible objectives should be expressed in the statements. 6. 1. 1. 2. Participative Decision Making Participative decision making should be used by manager and employees, in setting objectives and agrees on how they will be achieved. As the interests of managers and employees are directly linked with stretched objectives and consummation of these objectives then they will definitely put their utmost effort to achieve those objectives. 6. 1. 1. 3. An explicit time detailEach objective has a concise time, too, in which it is to be completed. In ou r situation, it is 1 month. 6. 1. 1. 4. Performance Feedback ceaseless feedback on performance and goals are recommended. Twice a week meeting should be conducted by ZSM to get performance feedback and to discuss the routine matters with the field staff and to countercheck the performance whether the sales are meting the monthly goal plan. 6. 2. Performance Evaluation Standards and Appraisals There are different performance evaluation standards for different positions 6. 2. 1. Office Staff If the office staff performs their responsibilities according to their Job Description then their salary will be increased by Rs. 500 quarterly.If the employee performance is thin from consecutive 3 months then a supernumerary pay raise can be offered by the Director Sales. 6. 2. 2. SPO Each SPO has some sales targets given by RSM/ZSM. It is his/her responsibility to fulfill those targets. Performance Appraisal meetings should be conducted at the end of each quarter. Upon the proceeding of 80% targets for consecutive 4 months 30% elementary pay rise. Upon the achievement of 80% targets for consecutive 3 months 20% basic pay rise. 6. 2. 3. RSM/ZSM Upon the achievement of 80% targets for consecutive 4 months 30% basic pay rise.